Nakuba kwakukhona izihlalo zamahhovisi eziningi ezinethonya elihle ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakuyiphuzu eliphansi lokuklama kwe-ergonomic.Isibonelo, uFrank Lloyd Wright, wenza izihlalo eziningi ezihlaba umxhwele, kodwa njengabanye abaklami, wayenesithakazelo ekuhlobiseni isihlalo kune-ergonomics.Kwezinye izimo, wayecabangela izinto ezenziwa abantu.Isihlalo se-Larkin Building sango-1904 senzelwe ababhala ngomshini.Lapho obhalayo encike phambili, kanjalo nesihlalo.
Ngenxa yokungaqini kahle kwesihlalo, kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi “isihlalo sokuzibulala”, uWright wawuvikela umklamo wakhe, ethi udinga ukuba ube nesimo esihle sokuhlala.
Isihlalo ayesenzela usihlalo wenkampani sasikwazi ukushintshaniswa futhi silungise ubude baso, sasibhekwa njengesinye sezihlalo ezinkulu zasehhovisi.Usihlalo, useMetropolitan Museum of Art manje.
Ngawo-1920, umqondo wokuthi ukuhlala ngokunethezeka kwenza abantu bavilaphe wawuvamile kangangokuthi izisebenzi ezimbonini zazihlala emabhentshini ngaphandle kwemiqolo.Ngaleso sikhathi, zazikhula izikhalo ngokuncipha komkhiqizo kanye nezifo zabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasebenzi besifazane.Ngakho-ke, inkampani i-Tan-Sad ibeke emakethe isihlalo esingalungisa ukuphakama kwe-backrest.
I-Ergonomics kancane kancane yaduma ngalesi sikhathi ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960, nokho, leli gama lalivele eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-100 ngaphambili futhi alizange livele kuze kube yiMpi Yezwe II.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, imisebenzi eminingi yayidinga ukuba sihlale.Isihlalo se-MAA sango-1958, esaklanywa umklami uHerman Miller uGeorge Nelson, sasiyinoveli ngoba i-backrest yaso nesisekelo saso sasitshekile ngokuzimela, sakha umuzwa omusha womzimba womuntu emsebenzini.
Ngawo-1970, abaklami bezimboni baba nesithakazelo ezimisweni ze-ergonomic.Kunezincwadi ezimbili ezibalulekile eziwuphawu lwaseMelika: eka-Henry Dreyfuss ethi “Measure of Man” neka-Niels Diffrient ethi “Humanscale” ikhombisa ubunkimbinkimbi be-ergonomics.
U-Rani Lueder, i-ergonomist oye walandela isihlalo amashumi eminyaka, ukholelwa ukuthi abalobi bezincwadi ezimbili benza lula kakhulu ngezindlela ezithile, kodwa ukuthi lezi ziqondiso ezilula zisiza ekuthuthukiseni isihlalo.UDevenritter nabaqambi uWolfgang Mueller noWilliam Stumpf, ngenkathi besebenzisa lokhu okutholakele, basungula indlela yokusebenzisa igwebu le-polyurethane elibunjiwe ukusekela umzimba.
Ngo-1974, isikhulu sesimanje sokukhiqiza u-Herman Miller sacela uStumpf ukuthi asebenzise ucwaningo lwakhe ukuze aklame isihlalo sehhovisi.Umphumela walokhu kubambisana kwaba uSihlalo we-Ergon, owakhululwa okokuqala ngo-1976. Nakuba ochwepheshe be-ergonomics bengavumelani nesihlalo, abavumelani nokuthi ilethe i-ergonomics kubantu abaningi.
Isihlalo se-Ergon siyaguquguquka ngokobunjiniyela, kodwa asisihle.Kusukela ngo-1974 kuya ku-1976, u-Emilio Ambasz noGiancarloPiretti baklame "Isihlalo Sosihlalo", esihlanganisa ubunjiniyela nobuhle futhi sibukeka njengomsebenzi wobuciko.
Ngo-1980, umsebenzi wasehhovisi wawuyingxenye ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu emakethe yemisebenzi yase-US.Ngalowo nyaka, abaklami baseNorway u-Peter Opsvik no-Svein Gusrud beza nesinye isisombululo sobuhlungu beqolo, ukuhlala kwedeski elingapheli nezinye izinkinga zempilo: Ungahlali, uguqe.
Isihlalo sase-Norwegian Balans G, esishiya indawo yokuhlala ye-engeli yesokudla evamile, sisebenzisa i-engeli eya phambili.Isihlalo sika-Balans G asikaze sibe yimpumelelo.Abalingisi bakhiqize lezi zihlalo ngobuningi ngaphandle kokucabangisisa ngokuklama, okuholela ekukhalweni okuqhubekayo mayelana nobuhlungu bamadolo nezinye izinkinga.
Njengoba amakhompiyutha aba yingxenye ebalulekile yamahhovisi ngawo-1980, imibiko yokulimala okuhlobene nekhompyutha yaphakama, futhi imiklamo eminingi yezihlalo ze-ergonomic yavumela ukuma okuningi.Ngo-1985, uJerome Congleton waklama isihlalo se-Pos, asichaza njengemvelo kanye ne-zero-gravity, futhi esafundwa yi-NASA.
Ngo-1994, abaklami bakaHerman Miller uWilliam Stumpf kanye noDonald Chadwick baklama isihlalo sika-Allen, cishe okuwukuphela kwesihlalo sehhovisi le-ergonomic elaziwa emazweni angaphandle.Okusha ngesihlalo ukuthi sisekela i-lumbar spine, nesicamelo esimise okufakwe emhlane ogobile okwazi ukushintsha nomzimba ukuze uvumelane nezimo ezihlukahlukene, noma ngabe uhlezi ukhuluma ocingweni noma uncike phambili ukuze uthayiphe.
Kuhlala kunomklami odakwayo ngesikhathi socwaningo, azulazule, futhi afele amathe ebusweni bomhlaba.Ngo-1995, ngemva nje konyaka kuvele isihlalo sika-Allen, u-Donald Judd, lowo uJenny Pinter ambiza ngomdwebi nomqophi wezithombe, wakhulisa ingemuva futhi wandisa amandla esihlalo ukuze akhe isihlalo esiqondile, esifana nebhokisi.Lapho ebuzwa ngokunethezeka kwayo, wagcizelela ukuthi "izihlalo eziqondile zingcono kakhulu ukudla nokubhala."
Selokhu kwethulwa i-Allen Chair, kube nezihlalo eziningi ezihlaba umxhwele.Okwamanje, igama elithi ergonomics alisho lutho ngoba kunezifundo eziningi futhi ezingcono kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa akukabikho izinga lokukhomba ukuthi isihlalo si-ergonomic.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-16-2023